Fact checked by Vikki Velasquez
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Social Security Numbers (SSN) are used to report a person’s wages to the government to determine eligibility for Social Security benefits.
An undocumented immigrant is not eligible to receive Social Security benefits if they are unable to obtain a valid Social Security number. Only noncitizens authorized to work in the United States by the Department of Homeland Security can get an SSN. Individuals need a valid Social Security number to work and collect Social Security benefits.
Undocumented workers with false Social Security numbers may pay Social Security taxes through their paycheck, but the funds are credited to the owner of the number, not the immigrant.
Key Takeaways
- Undocumented immigrants cannot collect Social Security benefits without valid Social Security numbers.
- Only noncitizens authorized to work in the U.S. by the Department of Homeland Security can obtain an SSN.
- Social Security taxes collected under a fraudulent SSN will not match an undocumented immigrant’s real identity, so they cannot legally collect Social Security benefits.
Social Security Eligibility
To receive Social Security benefits, a person must have a valid Social Security number and legally earn 40 credits over a minimum of 10 years. Undocumented immigrants are not eligible to receive Social Security benefits because they lack legal status, which is a requirement for benefit eligibility.
“The law prohibits the SSA from paying benefits to individuals who are not lawfully present in the U.S. at the time of benefit application,” says Alex Caswell, a certified financial planner and founder at Wealth Script Advisors.
ITIN
An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number is a 9-digit number issued by the Internal Revenue Service for tax-paying purposes only. An ITIN does not qualify someone for Social Security benefits, does not provide an individual authorization to work legally in the U.S., and does not change an individual’s immigration status.
Those ineligible for a Social Security number may apply for an ITIN to file and pay federal taxes. Noncitizen workers looking to start a business, work as a university professor, or participate in freelance opportunities might obtain an ITIN.
Stolen Social Security Numbers
Undocumented immigrants may contribute to Social Security even if they never collect it, and that still supports the overall system’s solvency.
“Many undocumented immigrants have been paying into the Social Security system for years by using fake Social Security numbers, borrowed Social Security numbers, and Individual Taxpayer ID numbers,” says Colby Van Sickler, founder of F3 Wealth Management. “For most, their intent is not to defraud individuals, it is purely motivated by financial survival.”
Warning
Social Security taxes collected under a fraudulent SSN will not match an undocumented immigrant’s real identity, so they cannot legally collect Social Security benefits.
Obtaining Legal Status
If an undocumented immigrant attains legal status, they may begin contributing to Social Security and qualify for benefits.
“Individuals who were once undocumented but later gained legal status—such as a green card or asylum—can earn Social Security benefits based on the work they do after receiving legal authorization,” says Daniel Milks, a certified financial planner and founder of Fiduciary Organization.
To obtain a valid Social Security number, people need to be authorized to work by the Department of Homeland Security.
The Bottom Line
Undocumented immigrants cannot obtain a Social Security number or qualify for benefits if they are not authorized to work by the Department of Homeland Security. If an undocumented immigrant gets a green card or receives asylum, they may begin contributing to Social Security and later receive benefits.